哈佛法学院禁书周：审查如何让我们蒙在鼓里-新东方前途出国

　　Banned Books Week at Harvard Law: How censorship leaves us in the dark

　　哈佛法学院禁书周：审查如何让我们蒙在鼓里

　　By Jennie Rose Halperin, October 15, 2019

　　作者：Jennie Rose Halperin，2019年10月15日

　　Credit: Lorin Granger For Banned Books Week, held at HLS from Sept. 23- 26, the HLS Library co-hosted a series of lectures that looked at the broad world of censorship through a number of lenses. Jocelyn Kennedy, executive director of the Harvard Law School Library, introduces keynote speakers for a Sept. 24 talk, “Censorship by Fire; Book Burning as an Act of Cultural Violence.”

　　功劳：9月23日至26日在HLS举办的“禁书周”洛林·格兰杰（Lorin Granger），HLS图书馆联合举办了一系列讲座，通过多个镜头观察审查的广阔世界哈佛法学院图书馆执行主任乔斯林·肯尼迪（jocelyn kennedy）在9月24日的一次演讲中介绍了主旨演讲人：“火检；焚书是一种文化暴力行为。”

　　In 1829, David Walker, a writer and abolitionist, published a treatise in Boston, “To the Coloured Citizens of the World, But in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America.” Walker, the son of an enslaved man and a free black woman, made an appeal for black unity and the abolition of slavery.

　　1829年，作家兼废奴主义者大卫·沃克在波士顿发表了一篇论文《献给全世界有色人种，但特别是，非常明确地献给美利坚合众国有色人种》。沃克是一个被奴役男子和一个自由黑人妇女的儿子，他呼吁黑人团结起来，废除奴隶制。

　　Walker’s tract, described by its opponents as “the diabolical Boston pamphlet,” was one of the most radical pieces of abolitionist writing at the time. A censorship campaign waged in the antebellum South to suppress the pamphlet and other abolitionist materials led to arrests, the smashing of presses, attempted censorship of the post office, as well as pressure on the Northern states to control speech at a time when it was believed that discussion would “lead to disunity.”

　　沃克的著作被反对者称为“邪恶的波士顿小册子”，是当时废奴主义者最激进的作品之一战前南部为压制小册子和其他废奴主义材料而发起的审查运动导致逮捕、砸毁报刊、企图对邮局进行审查，以及在人们认为讨论会“导致不团结”之际对北部各州施加控制言论的压力。

　　The censorship of Walker’s treatise—the subject of a Sept. 25 talk by Harvard Law School Professor Randall Kennedy—was part of a series of lectures hosted by the Harvard Law School Library at the end of September to commemorate Banned Book Week. This year marks the fourth time the Harvard Law School Library has hosted Banned Books Week, an annual program of exploration and discussion spearheaded by the American Library Association in support of the right to read.

　　哈佛法学院教授兰德尔·肯尼迪（Randall Kennedy）9月25日发表的一篇关于沃克的论文主题的审查是哈佛法学院图书馆9月底举办的一系列讲座的一部分，旨在纪念被禁图书周。今年是哈佛法学院图书馆第四次举办“禁书周”，这是由美国图书馆协会牵头，支持阅读权的年度探索和讨论计划。

　　In addition to Professor Kennedy’s talk, this year’s lectures—and an accompanying library exhibit—explored how book banning and censorship of knowledge has silenced dissent, wiped out cultural history in a time of war, and kept crucial information and art from the public.

　　除了肯尼迪教授的演讲外，今年的讲座和图书馆的展览还探讨了禁书和知识审查如何压制异议，如何在战争时期消灭文化历史，如何让公众了解重要的信息和艺术。

　　According to Jocelyn Kennedy, executive director of the Harvard Law School Library and a lecturer on law at HLS, Banned Books Week is an opportunity to look at the broad world of censorship through a number of lenses and to showcase the things libraries value: difficult subject matter, deep inquiry, human rights and the way that the entire Harvard Law School community is part of the learning endeavor.

　　哈佛大学法学院图书馆执行主任、HLS法律讲师乔斯林·肯尼迪（Jocelyn Kennedy）表示，禁书周是一个通过多个镜头观察审查制度的广阔世界，展示图书馆价值的机会：困难的主题、深入的调查、人权以及整个哈佛的方式法学院社区是学习努力的一部分。

　　“Libraries are champions of free expression and part of our job is to shine the light on the ways that censorship keeps us in the dark,” said Kennedy. “This is hyper relevant today as news, expression, art—really everything we intellectually consume—is being filtered through some sort of public or private censorship.”

　　肯尼迪说：“图书馆是言论自由的捍卫者，我们工作的一部分是揭露审查制度使我们蒙在鼓里的方式。”“这在今天是非常相关的，因为新闻、表达、艺术实际上我们智力消费的一切都在通过某种公共或私人审查进行过滤。”

　　On September 23, the series kicked off with a discussion led by Svetlana Mintecheva, director of programs at the National Coalition Against Censorship. In her talk, “Cancel Culture: Can Free Speech in Cultural Institutions Survive the Onslaught of Moral Outrage?,” Mintecheva asserted that the cancel culture practice is placing cultural heritage institutions in the position of evaluating their exhibits and collection practices against social will. She warned cultural institutions are succumbing to public pressure to remove art and artists from their walls.

　　9月23日，该系列节目在全国反审查联盟项目总监斯维特兰娜·明泰切娃（Svetlana Mintecheva）的带领下展开讨论在她的演讲中，“取消文化：文化机构的言论自由能否在道德愤怒的冲击下生存？“明泰切娃断言，取消文化活动正使文化遗产机构处于违背社会意愿评估其展品和收藏活动的地位。她警告说，文化机构正屈服于公众的压力，将艺术和艺术家从他们的墙壁上移开。

　　Mintecheva pointed to a 2017 controversy at the Whitney Museum of American Art, involving artist Dana Schutz’ portrayal of Emmett Till in her work “Open Casket,” as an example of the impact the current, but certainly not new, ‘cancel culture’ movement is having on cultural institutions. She discussed the need to have nuanced conversations about the past, to create “safe spaces for unsafe ideas,” and the importance of preserving difficult art that serves as commentary on past, present and future concerns.

　　明泰切娃指出，2017年在惠特尼美国艺术博物馆（Whitney Museum of American Art）发生的一场争议，涉及艺术家达娜·舒茨（Dana Schutz）在其作品《开棺》（Open Casket）中对埃米特·蒂尔（Emmett Till）的描绘，作为当前（但肯定不是新的）“取消文化”运动对文化机构产生影响的一个例子。她讨论了对过去进行微妙对话的必要性，为不安全的想法创造“安全空间”，以及保留作为对过去、现在和未来关注的评论的困难艺术的重要性。

　　The second talk focused on the violence associated with censorship, particularly in times of war. In a Sept. 24 lecture, “Censorship by Fire; Book Burning as an Act of Cultural Violence,” Andras Riedlmayer of the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard’s Fine Arts Library and Radu Popa, assistant dean and director of the NYU Law Library, shared examples of attempts by state actors to control dissenting views and eliminate cultural heritage in times of war. Riedlmayer testified before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia as an expert on the destruction of cultural heritage during the Balkan wars of the 1990s. He described the deliberate destruction of libraries and other cultural heritage spaces, particularly the targeting and destruction of Bosnia’s National Library during the shelling of Sarajevo in 1992.

　　第二个话题是与审查有关的暴力，特别是在战争时期在9月24日的一次演讲中，哈佛大学美术图书馆的阿加汗伊斯兰建筑项目的安德拉斯里德迈尔和纽约大学法律图书馆的助理院长兼馆长拉杜波帕，国家行为者在战争时期试图控制不同意见和消除文化遗产的共同例子里德迈尔在前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭作证，他是1990年代巴尔干战争期间破坏文化遗产问题的专家，他描述了蓄意破坏图书馆和其他文化遗产空间的行为，特别是在1992年萨拉热窝的炮击。

　　Credit: Lorin Granger Radu Popa (left), assistant dean for Library Services & director of the NYU Law Library, and András Riedlmayer, bibliographer in Islamic Art and Architecture at the Harvard Fine Arts Library, field questions from the audience during their talk “Censorship by Fire; Book Burning as an Act of Cultural Violence,” one of several Banned Books Week events that took place at Harvard Law School in late September.

　　学分：纽约大学法学院图书馆服务部助理院长兼馆长洛林·格兰杰·拉杜·波帕（左）和哈佛美术学院图书馆伊斯兰艺术与建筑书目专家安德烈斯·里德迈耶在演讲中回答观众的现场问题“火检”；“焚书是一种文化暴力行为”，这是9月底在哈佛法学院举行的几次禁书周活动之一。

　　Popa, a fiction writer and essayist, focused on dissent under communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu in Romania, where he said his attempts to evade censorship through various literary techniques was “like a game of chess.” In his talk, Popa discussed his long and often humorous battle with the censors over his fiction work, a challenge he fought until 1985, when he asked for asylum in the United States. Popa eventually became the director of the New York University Law Library.

　　波帕是一位小说作家和散文家，主要关注罗马尼亚共产党领 袖尼古拉齐埃斯库（nicolae ceau_escu）领导下的异见，他说，他试图通过各种文学技巧逃避审查，“就像一盘棋”。在他的演讲中，波帕讨论了他与审查员就他的小说作品展开的长期而幽默的战斗，这是他所面临的挑战。直到1985年，他在美国寻求庇护波帕最终成为纽约大学法律图书馆馆长。

　　In addition to the lecture series, the library hosted an exhibit titled “Walt Whitman: Banned in Boston.” Curated by James Fraser, a current student in the Simmons University Library Science program, the exhibit—which is on display through Oct. 18 in Areeda Hall—showcases the New England Watch and Ward Society’s unsuccessful attempt to censor Whitman’s seminal work “Leaves of Grass.” As was often the case with banned books, the attempted repression caused Whitman’s book to gain in popularity, and it sold out on the day of its release. Harvard Law School Library holds part of the records of the Watch and Ward Society, which provided rich historical context for this exhibit.

　　除了系列讲座外，图书馆还举办了一个名为“沃尔特·惠特曼：波士顿被禁”的展览，由西蒙斯大学图书馆科学项目的现任学生詹姆斯·弗雷泽策划，这个展览将于10月18日在阿雷达大厅展出，展示新英格兰观察和沃德协会审查惠特曼的开创性著作《草叶集》的失败尝试。与被禁书籍经常出现的情况一样，试图镇压导致惠特曼的书越来越受欢迎在发行当天就卖完了哈佛法学院图书馆收藏了《守望与守护协会》的部分记录，为本次展览提供了丰富的历史背景。

　　For Jocelyn Kennedy, the Banned Books Week programming is a reminder that in a just and civil society, communities need to come together to discuss, to share and, most of all, to learn.

　　对jocelyn kennedy来说，禁书周节目提醒我们，在一个公正和公民社会，社区需要聚集在一起讨论、分享，最重要的是学习。

　　That sentiment was echoed in part in Professor Kennedy’s discussion of Walker’s abolitionist treatise. Despite efforts by the Southern states to contain Walker’s treatise, the pamphlet, along with other abolitionist pieces, spread far and wide. In the end, said Kennedy, the tide of public opinion—rather than the courts—ended this particular regime of information suppression.

　　肯尼迪教授对沃克废奴主义论著的讨论部分反映了这种观点。尽管南部各州努力将沃克的论文包含在内，但这本小册子连同其他废奴主义者的作品，还是广泛流传肯尼迪说，最终，舆论的浪潮而不是法院结束了这一特殊的信息压制制度。

　　Free speech is often a catalyst to racial justice, said Kennedy, who called for more, and difficult, conversation about race. “Racial justice is the seedbed for civil liberties,” he concluded.

　　肯尼迪说，言论自由常常是种族公正的催化剂，他呼吁就种族问题进行更多、更困难的对话“种族正义是公民自由的温床，”他总结道。

　　Banned Books Week¬ was first launched in the 1980s as a way to bring public awareness to the 1982 Supreme Court decision in Island Trees School District v. Pico, which established that local school boards could not remove books from school libraries solely based on content. Despite the Court ruling, the practice of challenging books continues today.

　　“禁书周”最早于上世纪80年代发起，目的是让公众了解1982年最高法院在“岛树学区诉皮科案”中的判决，该判决规定，地方学校董事会不能仅根据内容从学校图书馆中删除书籍。尽管法院作出了裁决，但挑战书籍的做法今天仍在继续。

　　After the inaugural HLS Banned Books Week in 2016 garnered significant student interest, the library began partnering with student organizations. This year’s event was co-sponsored by the ACLU at HLS, The Harvard Law School Rule of Law Society, the Law and Philosophy Society, the American Constitution Society, the Harvard Federalist Society, and the Armed Conflict and Civilian Protection Initiative of the International Human Rights Clinic.

　　在2016年首届HLS禁书周吸引了大量学生兴趣后，图书馆开始与学生组织合作。今年的活动由HLS的美国公民自由联盟、哈佛法学院法治协会、法律与哲学协会、美国宪法协会、哈佛联邦协会和国际人权诊所的武装冲突与平民保护倡议共同赞助。

　　Joshua Smith ’20 played an important role this year co-curating the event. Working closely with HLS Library staff, Smith helped identify speakers and topics.

　　约书亚·史密斯20岁那年在这次活动的共同策划中发挥了重要作用史密斯与HLS图书馆工作人员密切合作，帮助确定演讲人和主题。

　　In choosing banned book subject matter to highlight, Smith said, the library looked to the past and the present, as well as to international issues. “Whenever the time, wherever the place, we saw governments, businesses, civil society, and individuals oppose open inquiry in art and ideas for all sorts of reasons—political, racial, religious, aesthetic, historical, moral, ideological,” he said. “Some censorship entrances, some repulses, all is worth examining, and all, at the very least, should make us pause.”

　　史密斯说，在选择禁书主题突出时，图书馆着眼于过去和现在，以及国际问题他说：“无论何时何地，无论何时何地，我们都看到政府、企业、民间社会和个人出于政治、种族、宗教、审美、历史、道德、意识形态等各种原因，反对对艺术和思想进行公开调查。”“一些审查入口，一些排斥，所有这些都值得审视，至少，所有这些都应该让我们停下来。”