哈佛法学院威尔默黑尔知识产权法教授对专利法方面的工作表示赞赏-新东方前途出国

　　From patent law to the challenges facing the digital commons, leading academics and policymakers from around the world discuss intellectual property issues at HLS

　　从专利法到数字公共领域面临的挑战，来自世界各地的主要学者和决策者在HLS讨论知识产权问题

　　By Brett Milano, October 17, 2019

　　Brett Milano，2019年10月17日

　　The event was officially called “Innovation, Justice and Globalization” but to the attendees at Harvard Law School last week, it was informally known as Jerryfest. Co-hosted by HLS professor and leading intellectual property scholar Ruth Okediji LL.M. ’91 S.J.D. ’96 and Justin Hughes ’86, the Hon. William Matthew Byrne, Jr. Chair at Loyola Law School, the two-day event held Sept. 26 and 27, celebrated the work of Duke University Professor J.H. Reichman by bringing economic and legal scholars to campus to discuss a variety of intellectual property issues.

　　这项活动的正式名称是“创新、正义和全球化”，但对上周哈佛法学院的与会者来说，它被非正式地称为杰里费斯特（jerryfest）。由HLS教授兼首 席知识产权学者Ruth Okediji LL.M.'91 S.J.D.'96和Justin Hughes'86共同主持，Hon.9月26日和27日举行的为期两天的洛约拉法学院（loyola law school）小主席威廉•马修•伯恩（william matthew byrne）为庆祝杜克大学（duke university）教授j.h.雷奇曼（j.h.reichman）的工作，将经济和法律学者带到校园讨论各种知识产权问题。

　　Credit: Lorin GrangerHarvard Law School Professor Terry Fisher opens the “Innovation, Justice and Globalization” conference at HLS on Sept. 26.

　　信贷：洛林•格兰杰哈佛法学院教授特里•费舍尔9月26日在HLS开幕“创新、正义与全球化”会议。

　　William “Terry” W. Fisher ’82, the WilmerHale Professor of Intellectual Property Law at Harvard Law School, opened the first panel with an appreciation of Reichman’s work, in particular his work with patent law. This, he said, has helped to popularize a striving for balance: “Adjusting legal rules so as to maximize the benefits of intellectual property while minimizing its disadvantages. That this is now a cliché is in part testimony to Jerry’s influence.”

　　哈佛法学院威尔默黑尔知识产权法教授威廉·特里·费舍尔（william“terry”w.fisher'82）在第一次座谈会开幕时，对雷奇曼的工作，特别是他在专利法方面的工作表示赞赏。他说，这有助于促进一种平衡的努力：“调整法律规则，以最大限度地发挥知识产权的利益，同时最大限度地减少其缺点。现在这种陈词滥调在一定程度上证明了杰里的影响力。”

　　Credit: Lorin GrangerHarvard Law School Professor Ruth Okediji convened the conference that celebrated the work of J.H. “Jerry” Reichman, a scholar of comparative and international intellectual property law.

　　功劳：洛林·格兰杰哈佛法学院教授露丝·奥凯迪吉召开了一次会议，庆祝比较和国际知识产权法学者J.H.“杰里”雷奇曼的工作。

　　Credit: Lorin Granger Duke University Professor J.H. Reichman, sporting one of the “Jerryfest” stickers made for conference attendees.

　　学分：洛林·格兰杰·杜克大学教授J.H.雷奇曼（J.H.Reichman）为与会者制作了一张“Jerryfest”贴纸。

　　Patent law continued as a theme in the opening panel, “The Economics of Innovation and Development,” for which moderator Padmashree Gehl Sampath, a leading expert on trade policy, innovation policy, and economic development, invited the panel to “raise more questions than answers.” Carsten Fink, chief economist of the World Intellectual Property Organization, looked at the role of the patent system in fostering innovation. The effect, he said, is not standardized in different parts of the world. Citing a study done in Chile, he said that the acquisition of intellectual property rights didn’t necessarily make a difference in a firm’s subsequent performance. However, he said that trademarking and branding was shown in Chile and other parts of the world to have a greater effect on productivity than patenting. “Things need to be properly sequenced. If you don’t have the right financial mechanisms to support innovation, the best patent system in the world is not going to do anything for you.”

　　专利法继续作为“创新与发展的经济学”开幕式的一个主题，版主、贸易政策、创新政策和经济发展方面的权威专家帕德马什里·盖尔·萨姆帕斯邀请该小组“提出的问题多于答案”。卡斯滕·芬克，世界知识产权组织首 席经济学家研究了专利制度在促进创新方面的作用。他说，这种影响在世界不同地区并不标准化他援引在智利进行的一项研究称，获得知识产权并不一定会对公司的后续业绩产生影响。不过，他说，智利和世界其他地区的商标和品牌对生产力的影响比专利权的影响更大“事情需要正确排序。如果你没有合适的金融机制来支持创新，那么世界上最好的专利制度不会为你做任何事情。”

　　The morning’s panelists looked at the effect of the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) agreement, which set standards for government regulation of intellectual property. According to Bhavan Sampat, this compelled many developing countries to change their patent laws, particularly in the case of pharmaceuticals. Some legal scholars and economists, he noted, were concerned about the impact this would have on innovation, as well as drug prices and the resulting world welfare. Studying the implementation of TRIPS in India, Sampat said that some of these concerns wound up unfounded. “Despite the expectations of just about everybody involved, drug patents in India had a negligible effect on drug prices and on generic competition.” However, there has been a rise in the issuing of primary patents, and drugs with those patents have a significantly higher price than their generic counterparts.

　　上午的专题小组成员研究了世界贸易组织的《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》的影响，该协定为政府管理知识产权制定了标准。据Bhavan Sampat说，这迫使许多发展中国家修改其专利法，特别是在药品方面他指出，一些法律学者和经济学家担心这将对创新、药品价格以及由此带来的世界福利产生影响在研究trips在印度的实施情况时，sampat说，其中一些担忧最终是没有根据的。“尽管几乎所有人都有参与的预期，但印度的药品专利对药品价格和仿制药竞争的影响微乎其微。”然而，一级专利的发放有所增加，拥有这些专利的药品价格明显高于其仿制药同行。

　　Credit: Lorin Granger In his keynote, Yochai Benkler ’94, the Jack N. and Lillian R. Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Studies, began by noting that much of what we assume about the relation between productivity and power is wrong.

　　功劳：Lorin Granger在他的主题演讲中，94年的Yochai Benkler，Jack N.和Lillian R.Berkman的企业家法律研究教授，首先指出我们对生产力和权力之间关系的许多假设是错误的。

　　Harvard Business School Professor Josh Lerner looked at the complexities of the standardization process worldwide, concluding that “Standard setting bodies are interesting economic legal institutions. There is a lot more to understand about their processes, but there is also some real room for reform.”

　　哈佛商学院教授Josh Lerner研究了世界范围内标准化进程的复杂性，得出结论：“标准制定机构是有趣的经济法律机构。对他们的进程有很多需要了解的地方，但也有一些真正的改革空间。”

　　Former State Department Chief Economist Keith Maskus looked at the fairly recent phenomenon of incorporating intellectual property chapters in trade agreements. In one of the first studies on the topic, he asked whether these agreements have a notable effect on member countries’ trade flows. Citing a realm of data, what he found was a “sorting effect”: The agreements tend to diminish low IP exports (such as commodities and minerals) in all income groups, while having a positive export effect on high IP exports such as analytical instruments, biopharmaceuticals, and medical devices.

　　美国国务院前首 席经济学家基思•马斯库斯（keith maskus）研究了最近将知识产权章节纳入贸易协定的现象。在关于这一专题的第一批研究中，他询问这些协定是否对成员国的贸易流动产生显著影响。他引用一个领域的数据，发现了一个“分类效应”：协议倾向于减少所有收入群体的低知识产权出口（如商品和矿物），同时对高知识产权出口（如分析仪器、生物制药和医疗器械）产生积极的出口效应。

　　Keith Maskus (right), a professor of economics at the University of Colorado and former chief economist at the Department of Commerce under President Barack Obama, was a keynote speaker on “The Economics of Innovation and Development” panel. Pictured here with Bhavan Sampat, an associate professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at Columbia University and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research.

　　美国科罗拉多大学经济学教授、美国总统奥巴马领导下的美国商务部前首 席经济学家基思·马斯库斯（右）是“创新与发展经济学”小组的主旨演讲人。图为哥伦比亚大学卫生政策与管理系副教授、国家经济研究局副研究员巴万·桑帕特。

　　Technology is intentionally developed to resolve social conflict in favor of the party implementing the technology.

　　技术是为了解决社会冲突而有意开发的，有利于实施技术的一方。

　　Yochai Benkler

　　尤查本克勒

　　Harvard Law School Professor Yochai Benkler ’94, the Jack N. and Lillian R. Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at HLS, began his keynote speech by noting that much of what we assume about the relation between productivity and power is wrong. Common wisdom, he said, holds that steady population growth evinces a rise in overall welfare accompanying that of technology. Yet he said a number of factors prove otherwise—including slowed productivity growth since 1973, a decrease of employment by young firms since then, and a rise in the mortality rate of non-Hispanic whites, the only population in the civilized world that has seen longevity fall (largely due to suicide, alcoholism and addiction) since 1993. “Something is happening that is not consistent [with the idea] of technology moving things forward. A profound economic insecurity has led to dramatic rebellion against the elites that produce this narrative [of trickle-down], fundamentally disrupting democratic societies.”

　　哈佛大学法学院教授Yochai Benkler'94，HLS的Jack N.和Lillian R.Berkman企业家法律研究教授，在他的主旨演讲开始时指出，我们对生产力和权力之间关系的许多假设是错误的。他说，常识认为，稳定的人口增长表明，伴随着技术进步，整体福利水平也在提高。然而，他说，事实证明，有许多因素并非如此，其中包括1973年以来生产率增长放缓、自那以来年轻公司的就业减少，以及非西班牙裔白人死亡率上升，这是自1993年以来文明世界中唯 一一个长寿率下降的人口（主要是自杀、酗酒和上瘾所致）。“正在发生的事情与技术推动事物前进的想法不一致。深刻的经济不安全导致了对产生这种（涓涓细流）叙述的精英阶层的戏剧性反叛，从根本上扰乱了民主社会。”

　　Technology, he said, tends to reinforce inequality rather than remedy it. Citing research done by Helen Nissenbaum of Cornell Tech and HLS professor Larry Lessig, he said, “Technology is intentionally developed to resolve social conflict in favor of the party implementing the technology.” This can be seen in copyright battles over the last 25 years, battles over patents, and strategic lobbying over DRM (digital rights management) and the WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) treaty. “The experience suggests much more active, knowing strategic action, both by firms and by individuals, to shape the context that they understand will give them greater or lesser market power in the context of a market-based economy.”

　　他说，技术往往会加剧不平等，而不是弥补不平等。他引用康奈尔理工大学的海伦·尼森鲍姆（Helen Nissenbaum）和HLS教授拉里·莱西格（Larry Lessig）的研究成果说，“技术的开发是为了解决社会冲突，有利于实施技术的一方。”这可以从过去25年的版权之争、专利之争中看出以及就数字版权管理（DRM）和世界知识产权组织（WIPO）条约进行战略游说。“这一经验表明，无论是企业还是个人，都应该更加积极地、了解战略行动，以形成他们所了解的背景，从而在市场经济背景下赋予他们更大或更小的市场力量。”

　　With the weakening of labor and the rise of government deregulation, he said, firms now devote more resources to accumulating economic rents—the money earned from a resource in excess of its cost—and less to productivity. “Once unions are weakened, firms can dedicate more of their resources to the rent-seeking and rent-extraction side of the equation over the productivity. Unsurprisingly in that context, that larger pie is put in the pockets of the very few who can control this system while leaving in economic insecurity, everyone else.”

　　他说，随着劳动力的削弱和政府放松管制的兴起，企业现在将更多的资源投入到积累经济租金上，即从一种资源中赚取的钱超过其成本，而较少用于生产力“一旦工会被削弱，企业就可以将更多的资源投入到生产率等式中的寻租和寻租方面。毫不奇怪，在这种情况下，这个更大的馅饼被放在少数几个人的口袋里，这些人可以控制这一体系，同时让其他人陷入经济不安全的境地。”

　　Credit: Lorin Granger Professor Peter K. Yu, director of the Center for Law and Intellectual Property at Texas A&M University School of Law, presenting during the session “Do antitrust and competition law trust intellectual property law too much?”, moderated by Harvard Law Professor Rebecca Tushnet (center).

　　学分：德州农工大学法学院法律与知识产权中心主任洛林·格兰杰教授彼得·K·余在会议期间提出“反垄断法和竞争法是否过于信任知识产权法？，由哈佛大学法学教授丽贝卡·图什内特（中）主持。

　　The afternoon’s panel, moderated by Professor Rebecca Tushnet, the Frank Stanton Professor of the First Amendment at HLS, brought Viagra into the discussion, along with other drugs recognizable by color and trademark.

　　下午的座谈会由HLS第一修正案的弗兰克·斯坦顿教授丽贝卡·图什内特（Rebecca Tushnet）教授主持，他将伟哥以及其他可以通过颜色和商标识别的药物带入讨论。

　　Opening the panel titled “Do antitrust and competition law trust intellectual property law too much?” University of Leeds professor Graham Dutfield noted that the pharmaceutical industry has existed since the 1880’s, and that it has often hinged on branding and trademarks rather than patents. “Drugs both contain and conceal their special powers against disease. They need a texture or visual that describes their effect upon the body.” Hence Bayer aspirin’s cross-shaped logo stamped onto the pill, and Viagra and Prilosec’s respective blue and purple coloring. The colors and trademarks, Dutfield said, can have a placebo effect on drug users; something to consider in future legislation.

　　打开题为“反垄断法和竞争法是否过于信任知识产权法”的小组讨论会？“利兹大学教授Graham Dutfield指出，制药工业自1880以来就已经存在，而且它经常依赖品牌和商标而不是专利。“药物既含有也隐藏了它们对抗疾病的特殊能力。因此拜耳阿司匹林在药片上印上了十字形的商标，伟哥和普洛赛克分别涂上了蓝色和紫色dutfield说，颜色和商标对吸毒者有安慰剂效应；这是未来立法中需要考虑的问题。

　　Credit: Lorin Granger The Hon. Guido Calabresi of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit gave the Friday keynote, “Liability Rules: What They Are and What They Are Not.”

　　信用卡：Lorin Granger The Hon美国第二巡回上诉法院的GuidoCalabresi在周五发表了题为“责任规则：它们是什么和不是什么”的演讲。

　　Credit: Lorin Granger Calabresi with the guest of honor.

　　信用卡：Lorin Granger Calabresi和贵宾。

　　Sean Flynn ’99, a professor at American University Washington College of Law, recalled a key use of competition law to force the licensing of an intellectual property—specifically, AIDS drugs in South Africa. Unlike in America—where a company can turn higher profits by serving a larger part of the population—South Africa has a much smaller group of people making First World incomes. “That creates a profit maximizing incentive to just serve those highest-level people, and that’s why we had $10-12,000 prices for AIDS drugs everywhere in the world.” The Hazel Tau case (2002) remedied this exclusionary pricing through competition law; requiring that licensing be granted to companies making generic AIDS drugs.

　　美国大学华盛顿法学院（American University Washington College of Law）教授肖恩•弗林（Sean Flynn'99）回顾了竞争法在南非的一个重要用途，即强制发放知识产权许可证，特别是艾滋病药物与美国不同的是，在美国，一家公司可以通过为更大一部分人口提供服务来获得更高的利润南非拥有的第一世界收入人群要少得多“这创造了利润最大化的激励，只为那些高水平的人服务，这就是为什么我们在世界各地都有10-12000美元的艾滋病药物的价格。”Hazel Tau案（2002）通过竞争法纠正了这种排斥性定价；要求许可给制造普通艾滋病药物的公司。

　　The panel continued on Friday morning with a keynote by Judge Guido Calabresi of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, titled “Liability Rules: What They Are and What They Are Not.”

　　周五上午，该小组继续由美国第二巡回上诉法院法官Guido Calabresi主旨发言，题为“责任规则：它们是什么和不是什么”