如何理解墨西哥最高法院关于基于健康风险-新东方前途出国

　　堕胎的决定？

　　In Mexico, abortion is a state-law matter. It is considered a crime in most of the Mexican states except for Mexico City and Oaxaca where abortion is permitted within the first trimester of the pregnancy.

　　在墨西哥，堕胎是州法律问题。除了墨西哥和墨西哥城，在怀孕的前三个月，堕胎被允许在大多数墨西哥州被认为是犯罪。

　　In the rest of the states abortion is allowed under limited legal indications: rape, health risks, danger of death, fetal impairment, and distressing economic situations. The legal indications are similar but not identical in the Mexican territory. The only legal indication for abortion that applies in every state is rape.

　　在其他州，堕胎是在有限的法律依据下被允许的：强奸、健康风险、死亡危险、胎儿损伤和令人不安的经济状况墨西哥领土上的法律指示相似但不完全相同。堕胎的唯 一法律依据是强奸。

　　In this context, what makes the recent abortion ruling of the Mexican Supreme Court important?

　　在这一背景下，墨西哥最高法院最近的堕胎裁决有什么重要意义？ 在线咨询

　　Read more on the Bill of Health blog »

　　阅读更多关于健康法案的博客&raquo；

　　In his keynote speech, Justice González Alcántara Carrancá summed up the questions: “Does removing the right to choose abortion violate the right to health or bodily autonomy? Can we stop women from making decisions about spacing their pregnancies, or making decisions about their intimacy?”

　　冈萨雷斯·阿尔坎塔拉·卡兰卡法官在主旨演讲中总结了这些问题：“取消选择堕胎的权利是否侵犯了健康权或身体自主权我们能不能阻止女性决定怀孕间隔时间，或者决定她们的亲密关系？“。”

　　The court answered that question explicitly: The constitution guarantees the right to health and autonomy and, therefore, abortion. Justice Gutiérrez Ortiz Mena explained the justices’ decision to affirm the right to abortion, as the constitution protects the “right to live as one wishes, well and without humiliation. That is autonomy.”

　　法院明确回答了这一问题：《宪法》保障健康和自主权，并因此保障堕胎权古铁雷斯·奥尔蒂斯·梅纳法官解释了法官们确认堕胎权的决定，因为宪法保护“按照自己的意愿生活、健康和不受羞辱的权利”。这就是自治。”

　　Credit: Lorin Granger Jocelyn Viterna, professor of Sociology and director of Undergraduate Studies at Harvard University.

　　学分：Lorin Granger Jocelyn Viterna，哈佛大学社会学教授兼本科生研究主任。

　　Harvard sociology Professor Jocelyn Viterna provided further social and historical context for the decision, sharing two stories of women in El Salvador who delivered babies in latrines, not knowing they were pregnant. One of the women was wrongfully charged with abortion—a crime in the country—and then attempted aggravated homicide. She served 19 years in prison. Challenging contexts in which abortion is criminalized make it difficult to provide reproductive health care to women and to ensure they are not charged with crimes for seeking help in the cases of unforeseen pregnancy, miscarriage, or stillbirth.

　　哈佛大学社会学教授Jocelyn Viterna为这一决定提供了进一步的社会和历史背景，分享了两个萨尔瓦多妇女在不知道自己怀孕的情况下在厕所里分娩的故事其中一名妇女被错误地指控犯有堕胎罪，这在该国是一种犯罪，后来又企图实施加重杀人罪她在监狱服刑19年堕胎被定为犯罪的具有挑战性的背景使向妇女提供生殖保健和确保她们不因在意外怀孕、流产或死产的情况下寻求帮助而被指控犯罪变得困难。

　　Petrie-Flom Center Senior Fellow Alicia Ely Yamin ’91 explained the importance of organizing the event: “Abortion is a flashpoint not only in the U.S. but around the world, and understanding what is happening elsewhere can give us new insights into the dynamics of legal and political mobilization here. This event was an exceptional opportunity to hear two sitting justices on the Mexican Supreme Court of Justice candidly discuss that court’s evolving approach to expanding exceptions to criminalization and possibilities for grounding a right within the federal constitution.”

　　佩特里·弗洛姆中心高级研究员艾丽西亚·伊利·亚明（Alicia Ely Yamin'91）解释了组织这次活动的重要性：“堕胎不仅在美国，而且在全世界都是一个热点，了解其他地方正在发生的事情可以让我们对这里的法律和政治动员的动态有新的了解这一事件是一个难得的机会，可以听到两位坐在墨西哥最高法院法官的法官坦率地讨论法院不断扩大刑事定罪例外的可能性，以及在联邦宪法中接地权的可能性。

　　Credit: Lorin Granger Marlene Fried, professor of philosophy and faculty director of the Civil Liberties and Public Policy Program at Hampshire College.

　　学分：Lorin Granger Marlene Fried，汉普郡学院公民自由与公共政策项目哲学教授兼教授。

　　Yamin added, “Having Professor András Sajó, former vice-president of the European Court of Human Rights, participate in the event provided a fascinating perspective on what he termed the ‘laissez-faire,’ process-oriented approach of the supra-national tribunal in relation to abortion cases.”

　　亚明还说，“让欧洲人权法院前副院长安德烈斯·萨约夫教授参加这一活动，为他所说的超国家法庭在堕胎案件中采取的‘自由放任’的、面向过程的做法提供了一个迷人的视角。”

　　Following the event, the justices were joined by András Sajó and panelists for a lunch with Harvard students from the Mexican Law Students Association and Health Law Association. Christian Hernández Lara LL.M. ’20, president of the Mexican Law Students Association, said she’d been eager to talk to the justices about different issues concerning Mexico and to know their perspective. “They welcomed our opinion and were very open to talk to us about our concerns. It was a great experience.”

　　在这一事件之后，法官们加入了安德鲁萨克斯和小组成员，与墨西哥法律学生协会和卫生法协会的哈佛学生共进午餐。墨西哥法律学生协会主席克里斯蒂安·汉纳德斯·劳拉·L·M·20表示，她渴望与法官讨论关于墨西哥的不同问题，并了解他们的观点。“他们欢迎我们的意见，并非常开放地与我们讨论我们的关切这是一次伟大的经历。” 在线咨询

　　Eduardo Espinosa de los Monteros Pereda LL.M. ’20, secretary of the Mexican Law Students Association, said he relished “being able to have a one-on-one conversation with two justices. We not only learned about their legal criteria, but also heard some amazing stories of life as a justice.” He felt hearing directly from the justices helped him get to know them more: “You can better understand the way a justice resolves, opines, and votes any certain issue when you understand his background and his ideological viewpoints as an individual, rather than as a member of a judicial body.”

　　墨西哥法律学生协会秘书长爱德华多.埃斯皮诺萨-德洛斯-蒙托斯·佩雷达·L·M·20表示，他很高兴能够与两位法官进行一对一的对话。我们不仅了解了他们的法律标准，还听到了一些关于作为一名大法官生活的惊人故事。”他觉得直接从大法官那里听到有助于他更加了解他们：“你可以更好地理解一个大法官的解决方式，奥皮内斯如果你了解他的背景和思想观点，而不是作为司法机构的一员，你就可以投票表决任何特定的问题。”

　　Credit: Lorin Granger András Sajó, retired judge of the European Court of Human Rights, joined the morning panel, “Adjudicating Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights.” Sajó is a visiting professor for the Fall 2019 semester at Harvard Law.

　　功劳：欧洲人权法院退休法官洛林·格兰杰·安德烈斯·萨霍（lorin granger andrás sajó）加入了“性健康和生殖健康与权利裁决”上午小组。萨霍是哈佛法学院2019年秋季学期的客座教授。 在线咨询

　　Credit: Lorin Granger After the event, the justices took time to meet with students who attended.

　　学分：洛林·格兰杰在活动结束后，法官们花时间会见了出席的学生。

　　Credit: Lorin Granger

　　信用卡：Lorin Granger

　　The event was part of the Global Health and Rights Project (GHRP), a collaboration between the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School and the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator (GHELI) at Harvard University, with support from the Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School and the Oswald DeN. Cammann Fund at Harvard University.

　　此次活动是全球健康与权利项目（GHRP）的一部分，该项目是哈佛法学院Petrie Flom卫生法律政策、生物技术和生物伦理学中心与哈佛大学全球健康教育和学习孵化器（GHELI）的合作项目在哈佛医学院生物伦理中心和奥斯瓦尔德学院的支持下。哈佛大学的卡曼基金。