哈佛法学院举行解决大规模灾难和灾难性伤害后争端的创新模式-新东方前途出国

　　Catastrophic harms, complicated questions

　　灾难性的伤害，复杂的问题

　　By Brett Milano, October 29, 2019

　　Brett Milano，2019年10月29日

　　Everything seems bigger in the late 20th and early 21st century, including the potential for widespread harm. With the advent of sweeping disaster comes the complicated question of how properly to compensate the victims.

　　在20世纪末和21世纪初，一切似乎都更为严重，包括可能造成的广泛危害随着大灾难的到来，如何适当地补偿灾民成为一个复杂的问题。 在线咨询

　　A panel, “Innovative Models for Resolving Disputes after Mass Disasters and Catastrophic Harms,” held at Harvard Law School on Oct. 22, brought together three experts who have helped resolve disputes after recent historic catastrophes. Moderated by Harvard Law Professor Guhan Subramanian ’98 and sponsored by Harvard Law School’s Program on Negotiation, the panel included attorney Kenneth Feinberg, who famously served as special master of the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund; Duke University professor Francis McGovern who has litigated cases regarding the BP oil spill and the opioid crisis, and Eric Green ’72 who founded Resolutions LLC, a mediation firm in Boston.

　　10月22日，在哈佛法学院举行的一个名为“解决大规模灾难和灾难性伤害后争端的创新模式”的小组，汇集了三位在最近的历史性灾难后帮助解决争端的专家该小组由哈佛大学法学教授古汉·苏布拉曼尼亚（Guhan Subramanian）主持，哈佛大学法学院谈判项目赞助，成员包括律师肯尼斯·范伯格（Kenneth Feinberg），他是著名的“9/11”受害者赔偿基金的特别负责人杜克大学（duke university）教授弗朗西斯•麦戈文（francis mcgovern）和埃里克•格林（eric green'72）曾就英国石油公司（bp）漏油事件和类鸦片危机提起诉讼，后者在波士顿成立了一家调解公司resolutions llc。

　　Credit: Lorin Granger Eric D. Green ’72, founder of Resolutions LLC, a mediation firm in Boston that specializes in mediating and arbitrating complex multi-party cases, discussed the history of dispute resolution.

　　信贷：波士顿一家专门调解和仲裁复杂多方案件的调解公司Resolutions LLC的创始人Lorin Granger Eric D.Green'72讨论了争端解决的历史。

　　Green opened the talk with an historical overview, saying that the legal system is in an important period of transition. He broke legal history down into three stages, the first being the “eye-for-an-eye” system of prehistoric times. The second, “adjudicatory” stage, began roughly with the trial of Orestes for killing his mother Clytemnestra in Greek mythology, and the trial system has survived nearly to the present. Only recently have we entered a third, “consensus” stage, he said, where trials become rare and mediation becomes the norm.

　　格林在开场白中回顾了历史，他说，法制正处于重要的转型时期他将法律史分为三个阶段，第一阶段是史前时期的“以眼还眼”制度。第二个“审判”阶段，大致始于希腊神话中奥瑞斯忒斯因杀害母亲克吕泰涅斯特拉而受到审判，审判制度几乎一直延续到现在。他说，直到最近，我们才进入第三个“共识”阶段，审判变得罕见，调解成为常态。

　　“One aspect of the extraordinary advance in the speed and size of almost everything is the possibility of injury being inflicted on thousands of people before we even know it,” he said. From bank failures to terrorist attacks, Green said it can be difficult for conflict resolution to keep up with these developments. “Our courts and judges are trying, but the center will not hold,” he said.

　　他说：“几乎所有东西在速度和大小上都取得了惊人的进步，其中一个方面是，在我们还不知道之前，就有可能造成数千人受伤。”从银行倒闭到恐怖袭击，格林说，冲突的解决很难跟上这些发展他说：“我们的法庭和法官正在审理，但中心不会支持。”。 在线咨询

　　The 9/11 fund was absolutely the right thing to do, an innovative response to a national horror. But you’ll never see that again, it was one for the history books rather than the legal books.

　　911基金绝对是正确的做法，是对国家恐怖事件的创新回应但你再也看不到了，那是历史书而不是法律书。

　　Kenneth Feinberg

　　肯尼斯·范伯格

　　Green cited a number of other recent cases that involved mass payouts, including Takata’s billion-dollar airbag case and the mortgage-backed securities crisis. “These cases are different, but they have one thing in common: They all exceed the capacity of our existing legal system on its own to resolve them. A high degree of innovation is required … and those are the questions that keep me awake at night.”

　　格林列举了最近涉及大规模支出的其他一些案例，包括高田数十亿美元的安全气囊案和抵押贷款支持证券危机。“这些案件是不同的，但它们有一个共同点：它们都超过了我们现有的法律体系本身解决这些问题的能力。需要高度创新……这些问题让我夜不能寐。”

　　McGovern responded by citing one case he worked on, where an innovative solution proved workable. This was the Station nightclub fire in Warwick, RI, in February 2003. One hundred people were killed in the fire and another 230 injured, leaving the problem of how to compensate hundreds of survivors and families of victims. His team adopted an approach that had been used in Hawaii, when a dam failure in Kauai left hundreds of property owners suing for damages. In the Station case, a settlement amount was determined and the plaintiffs agreed to be bound by the results of a supermajority vote to accept it. Payouts for wounded plaintiffs were also calculated based of previous awards in wrongful death cases. (The settlement ultimately totaled $30 million.)

　　麦戈文的回应是，他列举了一个案例，一个创新的解决方案被证明是可行的。这是2003年2月发生在里约热内卢沃里克的车站夜总会火灾。火灾造成100人死亡，230人受伤，留下了如何赔偿数百名幸存者和遇难者家属的问题他的团队采用了一种曾在夏威夷使用过的方法，当时考艾岛的一座大坝发生故障，数百名业主提出索赔。在Station案中，和解金额已经确定，原告同意接受绝大多数投票结果的约束受伤原告的赔偿金也根据之前对非正常死亡案件的裁决计算。（最终和解总额为3000万美元。）

　　But, he admitted, it’s less certain that the same approach can work in current negotiation over opioids. “It’s different from the normal mass tort because there are many different defendants. When you have on one side nineteen thousand cities and municipalities, and roughly 15 million national defendants, how are you going to put a number on that?”

　　但是，他承认，在目前的阿片类药物谈判中，同样的方法能否奏效还不太确定。“这与普通的群体侵权不同，因为有很多不同的被告。如果一方有1.9万个城市和市政当局，以及大约1500万名国家被告，你将如何计算这个数字？”

　　Credit: Lorin GrangerDuke Law Professor Francis McGovern (right), who has litigated cases regarding the BP oil spill and the opioid crisis, with Eric D. Green ’72, a law professor at Boston University from 1977 until 2008.

　　功劳：洛林·格兰格杜克法学教授弗朗西斯·麦戈文（右），曾与波士顿大学法学教授埃里克·D·格林（Eric D.Green'72，1977年至2008年）就英国石油泄漏和阿片类药物危机提起诉讼。

　　Feinberg said that each of the landmark cases he’s been involved with—including the 9/11 fund, the Boston Marathon bombing, and the BP oil spill in Louisiana—changed the equation in a different way. The Marathon fund, he said, was essentially a gift, prompted by unique circumstances: Mayor Tom Menino raised money and gave it to the victims, who were still free to sue. In contrast, the BP case was an alternative to the tort system: the plaintiffs took money and signed a release that stated they wouldn’t sue. The innovation here was in the size of the case: “We had 1,250,000 claims, from 50 states. I didn’t know the oil even got to Massachusetts.”

　　范伯格说，他参与的每一个具有里程碑意义的案件，包括9/11基金、波士顿马拉松爆炸案和路易斯安那州的英国石油泄漏案，都以不同的方式改变了这个等式。他说，马拉松基金本质上是一种礼物，是由独特的环境促成的：市长汤姆·梅尼诺筹集资金，并将其交给受害者，受害者仍然可以自由起诉相比之下，英国石油公司的案件是侵权制度的另一种选择：原告拿钱并签署了一份声明，声明他们不会起诉这里的创新在于案件的规模：“我们有来自50个州的1250000份索赔我甚至不知道石油运到了马萨诸塞州。”

　　The size and scope of the 9/11 fund, which used taxpayer money to compensate victims, was unprecedented, but presented problems of its own—including survivors of other disasters who contacted Feinberg to ask where their own check was. “The 9/11 fund was absolutely the right thing to do, an innovative response to a national horror. But you’ll never see that again, it was one for the history books rather than the legal books.” Such solutions, he said, became necessary because the traditional court system isn’t equipped to deal with Rule 23 class actions at such a large level. “The courts could change this overnight, but they’re ill-equipped to deal with such a mass volume. They would need to come up with some innovative Rule 23 law.”

　　9/11基金使用纳税人的钱来补偿受害者，其规模和范围是前所 未有的，但也带来了自身的问题，包括其他灾难的幸存者，他们联系范伯格询问自己的支票在哪里。“911基金绝对是正确的做法，是对全国性恐怖事件的创新回应但你永远不会再看到这种情况，这是历史书而不是法律书上的一个问题，“他说，这样的解决方案之所以成为必要，是因为传统的法院系统不具备在如此大的水平上处理第23条集体诉讼的能力。“法院可能会在一夜之间改变这一点，但他们没有能力应对如此庞大的交易量他们需要拿出一些创新的第23条法律。” 在线咨询

　　Credit: Lorin Granger Kenneth Feinberg has been involved in a number of landmark dispute resolution cases, including serving as special master of the U.S. government’s September 11th Victim Compensation Fund and as the government-appointed administrator of the BP Deepwater Horizon Disaster Victim Compensation Fund. He is currently overseeing compensation funds for victims of clergy sex abuse.

　　功劳：洛林•格兰杰•肯尼斯•范伯格（lorin granger kenneth feinberg）曾参与过多起具有里程碑意义的争端解决案件，包括担任美国政府“9·11”受害者赔偿基金的特别主管，以及英国石油公司（bp）深水地平线灾难的政府指定管理人。受害者赔偿基金他目前正在监督神职人员性虐待受害者的赔偿基金。

　　During the discussion afterward, Subramanian asked if empathy plays a role in these negotiations. “It is the key,” replied Feinberg, citing recent work he’s done with survivors of abuse in the Catholic church. “One constant is that the victim who was abused as a minor, and is now 34 or 35, always wants to see me—not to complain about the compensation. They want validation, they want acknowledgement. They want someone to say, ‘I believe you, you have been wronged. You’re getting money and we know that isn’t enough’.”

　　在随后的讨论中，Subramanian询问移情在这些谈判中是否发挥了作用“这是关键，”范伯格回答说，他引用了他最近在天主教教堂对虐待幸存者所做的工作“一个不变的是，作为未成年人被虐待的受害者，现在已经34岁或35岁，总是希望看到我不抱怨赔偿。他们想要确认，想要确认。他们希望有人说，‘我相信你，你被冤枉了你在赚钱，我们知道这还不够。” 在线咨询

　　In a revealing moment, McGovern said that empathy can be a two-way street, and gave Feinberg’s personal evolution as an example. “I think 9/11 changed Ken. When I first met him I didn’t like him, but after 9/11, I did.” He then revealed that a movie is now being made with Michael Keaton playing Feinberg. “You watch that movie, and you will see Keaton change.”

　　在一个揭示性的时刻，麦戈文说移情可以是一条双向的道路，并以范伯格的个人进化为例。“我认为911改变了肯当我第一次见到他时，我不喜欢他，但在911事件之后，我喜欢了。”然后他透露，现在正在拍摄一部由迈克尔·基顿扮演范伯格的电影。“你看那部电影，就会看到基顿的变化。”