17名哈佛法学院学生作为查耶斯国际公共服务研究员前往13个国家-新东方前途出国

　　全球推广：今年夏天，查耶斯国际公共服务研究员将处理具有挑战性的问题

　　By Audrey Kunycky, October 23, 2019

　　作者：Audrey Kunycky，2019年10月23日

　　In 2019, 17 Harvard Law School students traveled to 13 countries as Chayes International Public Service Fellows. This program, established in 2001 and dedicated to the memory of HLS Professor Abram Chayes ’49, provides students with the opportunity to spend eight weeks during the summer working with governmental or non-governmental organizations concerned with issues of an international scope or relevant to countries in transition. This year, the Fellows’ work focused on areas ranging from the peace process in Yemen to human trafficking and labor migration in Thailand, and from human rights impact litigation in South Africa to plea bargaining and sentencing practices in Bosnia and Herzegovina, among others. The profiles that follow highlight the experiences of three of the 2019 Chayes Fellows.

　　2019年，17名哈佛法学院学生作为查耶斯国际公共服务研究员前往13个国家。该项目成立于2001年，专门纪念49岁的哈佛商学院教授阿布拉姆·查耶斯（Abram Chayes），为学生提供了在暑期与关注国际范围或与转型期国家有关的问题的政府或非政府组织共事8周的机会今年，研究员的工作重点是从也门的和平进程到泰国的人口贩运和劳动力迁移，从南非的人权影响诉讼到波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的辩诉交易和判刑等领域。随后的简介突出了2019年查耶斯研究员中三人的经历。 在线咨询

　　Roberta Thomazoni Mayerle ’21 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Beijing, China 

　　罗伯塔·托马佐尼·梅尔勒21年亚洲基础设施投资银行，中国北京

　　Credit: Lorin Granger

　　信用卡：Lorin Granger

　　After graduating from Sciences Po Paris, and earning a master’s degree in global governance and diplomacy from Oxford University, Roberta Thomazoni Mayerle worked with the United Nations Development Program in Beijing and the Boston Consulting Group in London. Even before she arrived at HLS, she had been intrigued by another institution: the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). “It’s a multilateral development bank [MDB] of the size and kind that only gets established every other decade or so, and also the first major international organization launched by China,” she explains. “Because the organization is so young, it’s still nimble and a place where things are being created.”

　　罗伯塔·托马佐尼·梅尔勒毕业于巴黎理工学院，并在牛津大学获得全球治理和外交硕士学位后，先后在北京联合国开发计划署和伦敦波士顿咨询集团工作。甚至在她来到HLS之前，她就被另一家机构所吸引：亚洲基础设施投资银行（AIIB）。她解释说：“这是一家规模和种类每隔十年左右才成立的多边开发银行，也是中国发起的第一个大型国际组织。”“因为这个组织太年轻了，它仍然很灵活，是一个创造事物的地方。”

　　For her summer placement at the AIIB, Mayerle worked with the Institutional Team in the Office of the General Counsel, which deals with matters relating to the relationship between the AIIB and its 100 members, as well as with governance issues within the bank. Mayerle conducted legal and historical research and wrote several legal memos—work that tied in with what she had learned in her first-year Public International Law class. “I would use Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice on the sources of international law, or the guidelines in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties on how to interpret international agreements,” she recalls. “Even absent precedents in international law that were legally binding on the bank, I frequently drew on legal arguments from different international fora to help frame my work.”

　　梅尔勒在夏季被安排到亚投行工作时，曾与总法律顾问办公室的机构团队合作，该团队负责处理亚投行与其100名成员之间的关系以及亚投行内部的治理问题。梅尔勒进行了法律和历史研究，并写了几本法律备忘录，与她在第一年的国际公法课上学到的知识相结合她回忆说：“我将使用《国际法院规约》关于国际法渊源的第38条，或《维也纳条约法公约》关于如何解释国际协定的准则。”“即使在国际法中没有对银行具有法律约束力的先例，我也经常利用不同国际论坛的法律论据来帮助制定我的工作框架。” 在线咨询

　　At the same time, “I had rarely given thought to the governance structures within international organizations. One of the projects I worked on dealt with the allocation of powers between the president of the bank and its board of directors. It was a very exciting issue—one that many other institutions are dealing with—but also a highly sensitive one,” Mayerle explains, adding that she enjoyed presenting her work and being “cross-examined” on her legal arguments by the general counsel (Gerard Sanders LL.M. ’92) and other members of the team.

　　同时，“我很少考虑国际组织内部的治理结构。我参与的一个项目涉及银行行长和董事会之间的权力分配。这是一个非常令人兴奋的问题，许多其他机构正在处理，但也是一个高度敏感的问题，”梅尔勒解释说，她喜欢介绍她的工作，并被总法律顾问（Gerard Sanders LL.M.'92）和小组其他成员“盘问”她的法律论点。

　　Before she left for Beijing, Mayerle met with Stephen Wiles, an HLS research librarian, who showed her resources that were available online and introduced her to some of the most commonly used international law journals. In fact, when she was in Beijing, her collaboration with the HLS librarians allowed her to find an elusive document—a memorandum issued by the World Bank in 1947—that the bank’s legal team had been searching for.

　　在前往北京之前，梅尔勒会见了hls研究图书管理员stephen wiles，他展示了她在网上可以获得的资源，并向她介绍了一些最常用的国际法期刊。事实上，当她在北京时，她与HLS图书管理员的合作让她找到了一份难以捉摸的文件——一份世界银行于1947年发布的备忘录，世界银行的法律团队一直在寻找这份备忘录。

　　Mayerle has studied Chinese in the past, but this summer has left her more determined than ever to master the language; she is now studying advanced Chinese. Even though work at the bank was conducted in English, her Chinese language skills helped her explore the city and connect with people. “One of the most rewarding aspects of my time in Beijing was being able to interact with people on an everyday basis—in restaurants, on the street, or at my favorite local art market. I had amazing conversations about Chinese-U.S. relations and learned a lot from these encounters.”

　　梅尔勒过去学过汉语，但今年夏天，她比以往任何时候都更加决心掌握汉语；她现在正在学习高级汉语尽管在这家银行的工作是用英语进行的，但她的汉语能力帮助她探索城市，与人沟通“我在北京生活中最有收获的一个方面就是每天都能在餐馆、大街上或我最喜欢的当地艺术市场与人交流。我就中美关系进行了精彩的对话，从这些接触中学到了很多东西。” 在线咨询

　　In her 2L year, Mayerle is serving as an articles editor for the Harvard International Law Journal and has enrolled in several international law classes. Early in the fall semester, she drew on her experiences from this summer in the International Law Workshop, with Professors William Alford ’77 and Gabriella Blum LL.M. ’01 S.J.D. ’03. “We read articles from a host of prominent legal scholars and critique them, or ask questions about them,” she explains. “One of the points I raised in class was that very often, in both the western media and western scholarship, the AIIB is portrayed as a Chinese vehicle to dominate the world,” noting that it is often linked with China’s controversial Belt and Road Initiative, although the two programs are not connected. “What I found remarkable was how international the AIIB felt—how similar it actually is to other MDBs in terms of its structure, its staff, and its policies. I hope the perception of the bank changes.”

　　在她21岁的时候，梅尔勒担任哈佛国际法杂志的文章编辑，并参加了几门国际法课程在秋季学期的早些时候，她借鉴了今年夏天在国际法研讨会上的经验，与77岁的威廉·阿尔福德教授和03岁的加布里埃拉·布鲁姆教授一起。她解释说：“我们阅读了许多著名法律学者的文章，并对其进行了评论，或者提出了相关问题。”“我在课堂上提出的一个观点是，无论是在西方媒体还是西方学术界，AIIB都被描绘成一个统治世界的中国工具，”他指出，它经常与中国有争议的“一带一路”倡议联系在一起，尽管这两个项目没有联系。“我发现，值得注意的是，亚投行在国际上感到，它在结构、人员和政策方面与其他多边开发银行有多么相似我希望对银行的看法有所改变。”

　　During her placement, “I was able to meet many people with similar interests and to contribute, in a small way, to the practice of international law,” Mayerle adds. “In sum, this summer was everything I had hoped for, if not more.”

　　梅尔勒补充说，在她任职期间，“我能够会见许多有类似兴趣的人，并以一种很小的方式，为国际法的实践作出贡献。”“总之，这个夏天是我所希望的一切，如果不是更多的话。”

　　R. Scott Sanderson ’21 Advocates for Community Alternatives, Accra, Ghana 

　　R.Scott Sanderson'21社区替代方案倡导者，加纳阿克拉

　　Credit: Lorin Granger

　　信用卡：Lorin Granger

　　R. Scott Sanderson spent his 1L summer working with Advocates for Community Alternatives (ACA), an NGO—founded by Jonathan Kaufman ’06, a 2004 Chayes Fellow—that helps West African communities develop and implement sustainable development plans and builds legal networks to support them. After graduating from Dartmouth College, Sanderson lived and worked for several years in South Africa and Kenya, but hadn’t had much exposure to western Africa, he explains. Working with ACA also fit well with his emerging focus on working in rural areas on issues that involve poverty, land and development.

　　斯科特·桑德森（R.Scott Sanderson）与社区替代方案倡导者（ACA）共事了一个为期1年的夏天，ACA是一个由乔纳森·考夫曼（Jonathan Kaufman'06）创建的非政府组织，2004年的查耶斯（Chayes）研究员，帮助西非社区制定和实施可持续发展计划，并建立法律网络来支持他们。桑德森从达特茅斯学院（Dartmouth College）毕业后，曾在南非和肯尼亚生活和工作过几年，但他解释说，他对西非的接触并不多与ACA的合作也很符合他对农村地区涉及贫困、土地和发展问题的关注。

　　Sanderson worked on several projects during the summer, including research to support procedural arguments for a case involving community rights and mining in Sierra Leone, an initiative to explore the use of technology to restrain fraud by tax collectors in a rural community in Ghana, and another case, involving land rights in Ghana, that gave him exposure to customary law.

　　桑德森在夏季期间参与了几个项目，包括研究支持塞拉利昂一个涉及社区权利和采矿的案件的程序论点，一项探索利用技术遏制加纳农村社区税务人员欺诈的倡议，以及另一个涉及加纳土地权的案件这使他接触习惯法。 在线咨询

　　His principal assignment involved allegations of human rights violations committed against the residents of Samaan, a small rural community in eastern Ghana. “About nine years ago, residents learned that a gold mine would be established in the forest north of town. They feared that the mine would pollute the community’s two rivers, [and] that their land and the surrounding environment would suffer,” he explains. “When residents observed the mining company taking steps to divert one of the rivers, they began to stage peaceful protests, and reported that the Ghanaian military, the police, and company security responded by intimidating them,” eventually arresting prominent citizens and forcing others to flee into the woods to hide. Members of the community filed some claims in Ghanaian courts for damage to land, while ACA focused on claims under international law, for a case to be brought before the ECOWAS [Economic Community of West African States] Community Court of Justice.

　　他的主要任务涉及对加纳东部农村小社区萨曼居民侵犯人权的指控。“大约9年前，居民们得知在镇北边的森林里会建一座金矿。他们担心煤矿会污染社区的两条河流，他们的土地和周围的环境也会受到影响，”他解释说。“当居民看到矿业公司采取措施转移其中一条河流时，他们开始举行和平抗议，并报告说，加纳军方、警察和公司保安以恐吓他们作为回应，”最终逮捕了知名公民，迫使其他人逃到树林中躲藏。共同体成员国就土地损害向加纳法院提出了一些索赔，而非洲共同体则侧重于根据国际法提出的索赔，要求将一个案件提交西非经共体（西非国家经济共同体）共同体法院。

　　Sanderson spent several days in Samaan, helping to interview witnesses. “We learned a lot about how to do this well,” he explains. “For example, initially we had a community leader serving as an interpreter, and found that we were getting very restrained and carefully phrased answers.” Later, when a Ghanaian intern interpreted, with no community leaders present, “they were much freer with their descriptions, [and] the story just got deeper and deeper.” Sanderson was especially struck by hearing for the first time about a protest where women from the community dressed and painted themselves all in white, an episode which became “a dramatic and compelling part of the fact pattern that we could write.”

　　桑德森在萨满呆了几天，帮助采访证人。“我们学到了很多关于如何做好这件事，”他解释说“例如，最初我们有一位社区领导人担任翻译，发现我们得到的答案非常克制，措辞也很谨慎。”后来，一位加纳实习生在没有社区领导人在场的情况下进行了翻译，“他们的描述更加自由这个故事越来越深入人心。”桑德森第一次听到一场抗议活动，来自社区的妇女们都穿上了白色的衣服，把自己涂成了白色，这一集让人印象深刻，成为“我们可以写的事实模式中戏剧化和引人注目的一部分”

　　He also conducted legal research, focusing initially on possible claims involving rights to water, food, and a healthy environment, and later shifting to rights around freedom of expression, opinion, assembly, and association. “The mining company violated the community’s rights to water, and the government violated its rights to advocate for their environment—and that became a lot more powerful,” he adds.

　　他还进行了法律研究，最初侧重于可能涉及水、食物和健康环境权利的主张，后来转向围绕言论、见解、集会和结社自由的权利。他补充说：“这家矿业公司侵犯了社区的用水权，政府也侵犯了其倡导保护环境的权利，这一权利变得更加强大。”。 在线咨询

　　Sanderson researched African and international treaty law, as well as case law from matters brought before the African Commission and African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. “The Court and the Commission are quite young, as are Africa’s treaties, so both see value in cases brought before the European Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court, and I dug in there as well,” he notes.

　　桑德森研究了非洲和国际条约法，以及从提交非洲委员会和非洲人权和人民权利法院的事项中提出的判例法他指出：“国际法院和国际法委员会都很年轻，非洲的条约也很年轻，所以他们都认为提交欧洲人权委员会和美洲法院的案件很有价值，我也在其中深挖。”

　　All in all, “this summer was completely on point with the issues I want to be working on,” Sanderson observes. On campus, he has enrolled in the Environmental Law and Policy Clinic for the spring semester, and after years of working abroad, he will spend next summer with the Conservation Law Foundation in Vermont. “My hope is that there will be a similar set of issues but in a very different context and different points of emphasis. How do you protect water quality, or forests, while still maintaining a thriving agricultural industry? How do you protect agriculture as climate change becomes more and more of a factor?”

　　总而言之，“今年夏天，我想解决的问题完全正确，”桑德森说在校园里，他报名参加了春季学期的环境法律和政策诊所，在国外工作多年后，他将在佛蒙特州的保护法基金会度过明年夏天。“我希望会有一系列类似的问题，但背景和侧重点都大不相同。在保持农业繁荣的同时，你如何保护水质或森林？随着气候变化越来越成为一个因素，你如何保护农业？”

　　Working with ACA “allowed me to learn about human rights advocacy first hand and to contribute concretely while doing so,” he adds. “This experience has helped to reaffirm my commitment to working at the intersection of human rights, poverty and environmental justice.”

　　他补充说，与ACA合作“使我能够第一手了解人权宣传，并在这样做的同时作出具体贡献”。“这一经验有助于重申我致力于在人权、贫困和环境正义的交叉点上工作。”

　　Rachel Westrate ’21 Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense, Mexico City, Mexico 

　　Rachel Westrate 21届美洲环境保护协会，墨西哥城，墨西哥

　　Credit: Lorin Granger

　　信用卡：Lorin Granger

　　Rachel Westrate spent her summer working with the Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense (AIDA). “They’re a regional organization, with attorneys and scientists from Latin and South America,” she observes. “I thought that would give me a great opportunity to gain not only international experience, but also national perspectives from a variety of different countries.”

　　雷切尔·韦斯特雷特整个夏天都在美国环境保护协会（aida）工作。“他们是一个地区性组织，有来自拉丁美洲和南美洲的律师和科学家，”她说。“我认为这将给我一个很好的机会，不仅可以获得国际经验，还可以从不同国家获得国家观点。”

　　Westrate began working on international environmental issues as an undergraduate at Washington University in St. Louis. “I got involved in this world at a very exciting time—everyone was really looking forward to the Paris Agreement,” she recalls. After college, she worked for the World Resources Institute, working in its Washington, D.C. office but connecting with its offices all over the world. Getting involved in climate change also reminded her about the ways in which she and her family were directly affected by it. She grew up in Park City, Utah, where her father operated a fly-fishing business. “I grew up being able to ski from October to May, and we never had any problems with the rivers running, which is not the case now,” she observes. “The changes in climate seemed very subtle at first, but they have had a huge impact on Park City and other communities in Utah.”

　　韦斯特莱特在圣路易斯华盛顿大学读本科时就开始研究国际环境问题她回忆说：“我是在一个非常激动人心的时刻加入这个世界的，每个人都非常期待巴黎协议。”大学毕业后，她在世界资源研究所（WorldResourcesInstitute）工作，在华盛顿特区的办事处工作，但与世界各地的办事处保持联系参与到气候变化中，也让她想起了自己和家人受到气候变化直接影响的方式。她在犹他州帕克城长大，父亲在那里经营一家苍蝇捕鱼公司。她说：“我从10月到5月都能滑雪，我们从来没有遇到过河流奔流的问题，现在不是这样。”“起初，气候变化似乎非常微妙，但它们对犹他州的帕克城和其他社区产生了巨大影响。”

　　At AIDA, her work focused, in part, on Mexico City’s severe air pollution. “It’s an amazing city, but just flying in, you see a grey cloud,” she notes. “In Mexico City, and in Mexico generally, air quality standards are not as stringent as the World Health Organization’s—a much higher level of pollution is acceptable under Mexican law.”

　　在艾达，她的工作主要集中在墨西哥城严重的空气污染上。“这是一个令人惊叹的城市，但只要飞进来，你就会看到一片灰色的云，”她说“在墨西哥城和墨西哥，空气质量标准并不像世界卫生组织那么严格，在墨西哥法律中，更高水平的污染是可以接受的。”

　　Westrate conducted legal research and wrote legal memos in connection with AIDA’s participation in the Citizens’ Observatory on Air Quality (OCCA), a coalition of NGOs working on this issue. “The National Court of Human Rights in Mexico came out with a decision in 2018 that essentially qualified clean air as a human right, and [suggested] things that government agencies should do in order to better monitor and regulate air quality,” she explains. “The government of Mexico, along with Mexico City, then came out with a list of 14 policies that they were implementing, and OCCA prepared its own list. My first project was essentially consolidating those—where are they lining up, and where are the gaps?”

　　韦斯特瑞特进行了法律研究，并撰写了与艾滋病防治署参与公民空气质量观察站（occa）有关的法律备忘录，occa是一个致力于这一问题的非政府组织联盟。“墨西哥国家人权法院于2018作出了一项决定，即基本上符合清洁空气作为人权，并建议政府机构应该更好地监测和调节空气质量。”她解释道。“墨西哥政府，连同墨西哥城，然后列出了他们正在实施的14项政策的清单，OCCA制定了自己的清单。我的第一个项目基本上是巩固他们在哪里排队，差距在哪里？“。” 在线咨询

　　Expanding on this, she wrote a legal memo on Mexico’s international obligations. “There are several recent decisions that qualify a healthy environment and the right to clean air as human rights,” she notes. “Mexico has signed on to a lot of international human rights treaties and is obligated under international law to uphold them.” Westrate then collaborated with an AIDA fellow on a memo outlining arguments that the Mexican government could use in case their new policies are challenged.

　　在此基础上，她写了一份关于墨西哥国际义务的法律备忘录。她指出：“最近有几项决定将健康环境和清洁空气权定性为人权。”“墨西哥已经签署了许多国际人权条约，并有义务在国际法上维护它们。”韦斯特特随后与AIDA研究员合作，在备忘录中概述了墨西哥政府在其新政策受到挑战时可以使用的论点。

　　In another project, she explored the potential cases that migrants could bring in U.S. courts, against the United States or the so-called “carbon major” companies, to address their contributions to climate change and displacement. “In my second week there, I attended a climate litigation conference that focused on strategy, and how you create arguments—what to challenge, and what evidence to include or leave out,” she recalls. “Those are very concrete skills.”

　　在另一个项目中，她探讨了移民可以向美国法院提起针对美国或所谓“碳大户”公司的潜在案件，以解决他们对气候变化和流离失所的贡献她回忆说：“在我在那里的第二周，我参加了一个气候诉讼会议，会议的重点是战略，以及你如何提出论点，要质疑什么，要包括或遗漏什么证据。”“这些都是非常具体的技能。”

　　Her experiences were “crucial in confirming that this is the kind of work I want to do, not only in theory, but that I really like the work that is being done on the ground. My previous work focused on mitigation; this summer definitely refocused me more on how climate change affects populations and the remedies that are needed,” she adds.

　　她的经历“对证实这是我想做的工作至关重要，不仅在理论上，而且我真的很喜欢正在实地做的工作。她补充说：“我以前的工作重点是缓解气候变化；今年夏天，我确实把更多的精力放在了气候变化如何影响人口和需要的补救措施上。”。

　　In her 2L year, Westrate has enrolled in a reading group on climate displacement and a course on environment law with Professor Jody Freeman LL.M. ’91 S.J.D. ’95. She is serving as vice president of the Environmental Law Society, and as a research assistant with the Environmental & Energy Law Program, for a case study involving a U.S. nuclear disposal site in the Marshall Islands, and how sea level rise is threatening it.

　　在她21岁的时候，韦斯特莱特与乔迪·弗里曼教授（jody freeman ll.m.《美国医学杂志》91年版，95年版）一起参加了一个关于气候变化的阅读小组和一门关于环境法的课程。她目前担任环境法学会副会长，并担任环境与能源法项目的研究助理，负责一项涉及美国在马绍尔群岛的一个核处置场的案例研究，以及海平面上升对其造成的威胁。

　　But first, Westrate traveled to New York to attend the United Nations Climate Summit and to participate in the September 20th Climate Strike, where at least 60,000 people filled the streets. “The experience of realizing that this is a common problem, and though it affects all of us in different ways, everyone will have to deal with it, gives me hope that we can solve it,” she adds.

　　但首先，韦斯特莱特前往纽约出席联合国气候峰会，并参加9月20日的气候罢工，至少有6万人聚集在街头她补充说：“认识到这是一个共同的问题，尽管它以不同的方式影响着我们所有人，但每个人都必须处理它，这给了我希望，我们可以解决它。”