Trade policy is foreign policy, says the former World Bank president.
前世界银行行长说，贸易政策就是外交政策。
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Robert Zoellick (center) traced the development of American trade policy from the 18th century to the present day. “We should consider trade as an important factor in our country's relations with the world. And trade, of course, is a tale of domestic politics as well…. From the earliest days of the independence, Americans have always seen trade as an expression of liberty.”
罗伯特·佐利克（中）追溯了18世纪至今美国贸易政策的发展历程“我们应该把贸易作为我国与世界关系的一个重要因素。当然，贸易也是国内政治的一个故事……从独立初期起，美国人就一直把贸易看作是自由的表现。”
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So said Robert Zoellick, the former president of the World Bank Group, in giving the 2019 Gabriel Silver Memorial Lecture at Columbia SIPA. His remarks traced the development of American trade policy from the 18th century to the present, illustrating how the United States’ current trade relations came to be and underscoring his view of the link between trade and foreign policy generally.
世界银行集团（World Bank Group）前总裁罗伯特•佐利克（Robert Zoellick）在哥伦比亚国家知识产权局（Columbia SIPA）举办的2019年加布里埃尔•西尔弗纪念讲座上如是说他的讲话追溯了18世纪至今美国贸易政策的发展，说明了美国目前的贸易关系是如何形成的，并强调了他对贸易与外交政策之间联系的总体看法。
Read the text of Robert Zoellick's remarks (as prepared for delivery)
阅读罗伯特·佐利克的评论（准备交付）
Zoellick led the World Bank Group from 2007 to 2012—a challenging period that overlapped the global financial crisis—and served before that as U.S. deputy secretary of state (2005-06) and as U.S. Trade Representative (2001-05). He spoke on October 11 before a full room of almost 150 faculty members, policy students, and other trade enthusiasts.
佐利克在2007年至2012年期间领导世界银行集团，这是一个挑战性的时期，与全球金融危机重叠，在此之前曾担任美国副国务卿（2005-06年）和美国贸易代表（2001-05年）10月11日，他在一个由近150名教职员工、政策学生和其他贸易爱好者组成的会议室前发表了讲话。
In her introduction Dean Merit E. Janow highlighted Zoellick’s work to increase the World Bank’s capital resources, create new financial instruments, and support the bank’s anti-poverty program. She also emphasized his contributions to the development of U.S. policy toward China.
在介绍中，迪恩•梅瑞特•简诺强调了佐利克在增加世界银行资本资源、创造新的金融工具和支持世界银行反贫困计划方面所做的工作她还强调了他对美国对华政策发展的贡献。
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Early in his speech, Zoellick explained how the founders of the new United States thought that new rules for trade could help the international system.
佐利克在演讲的早期解释了美国新的缔造者是如何认为新的贸易规则可以帮助国际体系的。
“They didn't see trade solely as a question of economic efficiency,” he said. “The founders expected that trade would be the new nation's principal foreign policy.”
他说：“他们并不仅仅把贸易看作是一个经济效率的问题。“创始人们希望贸易将成为新国家的主要外交政策。”
Zoellick highlighted how trade ranked at the top of the Congress’s agenda in 1776, discussed the influence of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations on Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, and delineated how principles such as national treatments and most-favored-nation status came to be implemented in American trade policy.
佐利克在1776年强调了贸易在国会议事日程中的首要地位，讨论了亚当·斯密的国富论对本·富兰克林和托马斯·杰斐逊的影响，并描述了国民待遇和最惠国待遇等原则是如何在美国贸易政策中得到实施的。
He outlined how the Congress sharply raised average tariffs, moved on to Jefferson’s embargo of all U.S. maritime exports, and outlined how US trade policy came to be a result of its revenue and debt policies in the late 18th century.
他概述了美国国会如何大幅提高平均关税，转而对杰斐逊的所有美国海运出口实施禁运，并概述了美国贸易政策是如何在18世纪末由其税收和债务政策产生的。
Zoellick went on to highlight the sweep of trade policy over 200-plus years.
佐利克接着强调了200多年来贸易政策的广泛性。
“Over the two centuries to follow, Americans continued to experiment with sanctions—of trade, and more recently, of finance—to weaken adversaries, or at least signal displeasure short of going to war,” he said.
他说：“在接下来的两个世纪里，美国人继续试验贸易制裁，最近又试验金融制裁，以削弱对手，或者至少表明他们对战争的不满。”
Moving through the 19th century, two world wars, and the postwar economy, Zoellick reviewed the long arc from tariffs and protectionism to lowered barriers and greater exports. There were plenty of detours, fits, and starts along the way, but the end product was the contemporary structure of GATT, the WTO, and NAFTA, and the regime of increasingly free trade that it enabled.
经历了19世纪、两次世界大战和战后经济，佐利克回顾了从关税和保护主义到降低壁垒和扩大出口的漫长历程在这一过程中，有许多弯路、间歇和开始，但最终的结果是关贸总协定、世贸组织和北美自由贸易协定的当代结构，以及它所促成的日益自由的贸易体制。
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“Americans [now] need to decide what type of international trade, technology and economic and environmental systems that they want,” said Zoellick as he moved toward the conclusion of his remarks. “The spirit of 1776 looked to Liberty, reformation, innovation, private initiative and opportunity. But the opponents of trade are always more outspoken, and they act with greater political intensity.”
佐利克在结束讲话时说：“美国人（现在）需要决定他们想要什么样的国际贸易、技术、经济和环境体系。”“1776年的精神着眼于自由、改革、创新、私人主动和机会。但贸易的反对者总是更加直言不讳，他们的行动带有更大的政治强度。”
Regarding environmental partnerships, Zoellick stressed that “without economic cooperation, cooperative action and other cross border problems, such as climate change or preserving biodiversity will become harder.”
关于环境伙伴关系，佐利克强调，“没有经济合作、合作行动和其他跨国界问题，如气候变化或保护生物多样性，将变得更加困难。”
After concluding his remarks, Zoellick joined Janow and European Institute director Adam Tooze for a brief discussion.
在结束发言后，佐利克与Janow和欧洲研究所所长Adam Tooze进行了简短的讨论。
Tooze questioned how President Trump has balanced protectionism and business interests, and whether he is reorienting the Republican Party away from its traditional support for U.S. business and capital. Janow asked if Congress has delegated excessively its authority over international trade to the executive branch to negotiate bilateral trade agreements.
图泽质疑特朗普总统如何平衡保护主义和商业利益，以及他是否正在调整共和党的方向，使其摆脱对美国商业和资本的传统支持詹诺问，国会是否已将其对国际贸易的权力过度下放给行政部门，以便就双边贸易协定进行谈判。
Zoellick emphasized the importance of pushing for future alliances and trade relationships tactically, and fielded questions from the audience on issues including inequality in the United States and the economic integration debate.
佐利克强调了在策略上推动未来联盟和贸易关系的重要性，并回答了听众关于美国不平等和经济一体化辩论等问题的提问。
Zoellick is the latest in a long line of distinguished figures who visited SIPA to give the Silver Lecture. Previous speakers include Dwight Eisenhower, George Marshall, Rajiv Gandhi, Kofi Annan, Madeleine Albright, and Stephen Breyer.
佐利克是最新一位访问西帕进行银级讲座的知名人士。前面的发言者包括德怀特·艾森豪威尔、乔治·马歇尔、拉吉夫·甘地、科菲·安南、马德琳·奥尔布赖特和斯蒂芬·布雷耶。
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