概括地说,GMAT阅读的规律性可以用以下20个字来表现:文章改写,题材广泛,套路统一,题型固定,解题有章。以下分述之,
1.文章改写
GMAT中阅读文章都不是照搬照抄原有的学术论文,而是ETS先搜集大量文章,然后在尽量保证原文信息不丢失的前提下根据GMAC的考试要求进行相应改写,。他们的改写过程一般都是这样的:
1). 搜集文章。ETS从自然科学、社会科学刊物以及各类书籍中搜集各种题材的文章。
2).改写。审查文章后, ETS通过大量使用分词及从句将句子处理得更紧凑、更严密。尽管改写后的文章会变得错综复杂,但ETS会尽量保证文章中原有的鲜明态度以及较好的层次结构。如:文章一开始给出一个老观点,后有新观点对此老观点进行反对,而对于这个新观点,文章作者或完全同意、或持部分保留意见、或是表现出有正有负的混合评价。
3).出题。先出关于主题、套路、态度、结构以及文章的主题叙述对象的有关问题,再针对文中比较明显的具体内容出题。在出题方式上力求多做变换,也就是将原文中的词汇或句子换成另一种说法表现出来。最后找出一些极易被考生忽略的细节来作为出题对象,以此提高考试难度、拉开考生档次。
2.题材广泛
GMAT阅读文章所涉及的题材十分广泛,一般来说,文章分为以下三类:
a)科技类文章(Science Passages) 例如DNA、基因、厄尔尼诺、温室效应、大气污染、开采能源等。以下就是几篇典型的GMAT科技类文章的片断: “Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called "the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth ……. For many years, caffeine"s effects have been attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase”, “Nearly a century ago, biologists found that if they separated an invertebrate animal embryo into two parts at an early stage of its life…….”, “ Protein synthesis begins when the gene encoding a protein is activated……..” 此类文章内容枯燥无味,加上通篇“游荡”着的几个超长的自然科学类的英文单词,往往令中国学生十分头疼。由于此类文章难度较大,所以题目一般比较简单,基本都是“直接事实题”(这将在以后的“GMAT阅读题型分析”中讲到),极少出现“信息题”或其它高难题型。
b) 社会科学类文章(Social science passages) 此类文章可能涉及历史,政治或宏观经济等社会科学领域的话题,包括美国历史、弱势群体(少数民族、 黑人、女性)以及法律(法律史)等等,在GMAT考试中所占比例较大。如:“Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities……….”, “In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent to the Black population of the United States left the South……”,“Historians of women"s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers-women earning wages in occupations…..”。相对于上述自然科学类文章,这类文章对中国学生的理解能力并未造成太大挑战,但其阅读题目的难度却不容小觑。
c)商业类 (Business passages) 此类的GMAT 文章数量众多,而且涉及范围也十分广泛,比如市场营销,存货处理,以及日常管理等等。例如:“Excess inventory, a massive problem for many businesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable…..”, “Traditionally, the first firm to commercialize a new technology has benefited from the unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative….”由于此类文章行文较简单,所以题目一般会比较难,会有高难的“信息题”出现,考生在对原文进行一般理解的基础上,应尽力“听”出其“弦外之音”。
3.套路统一
虽然GMAT文章的题材广泛,学术高深,却表现出极为固定的行文模式,即典型的论证文章。这里要强调一点:文章的主题与结构本身的重要性远甚于文章内容的重要性。这就是我们在GMAT阅读备考中的“套路远远高于题材”之说。具体地说,在GMAT阅读中,不管文章内容如何千奇百怪,都可归纳成四种演进方式:
a,旧观点--> 新观点;
如:“It was once believed that the brain was independent of metabolic processes occurring elsewhere in the body”--> “In recent studies, however, we have discovered that the production and release in brain neurons of the neuro- transmitter serotonin neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on the food that the body processes.”文章一开始会提出一个从前的旧观点(once believed),接着提出一个最近的新观点(recent years), 而文章的第三部分一般会对新观点继续进行阐述。
b现象-->解释
“Historians of women"s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers” --> “To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity…….”。文章一开始会提出一个现象,然后对该现象进行解释(explain),最后对每个解释一一评述,并表明作者态度。
c,问题-->解决
“Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems” --> “I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds…..”文章往往在开始就提出一个问题(problem),然后提出一个或几个解决方案(suggestion) ,同样,最后作者对每个解决方案一一评价,并表明态度。