解析2016年SAT改革样题：写作改革细节分析-新东方前途出国

    　　SAT Essay >>新东方前途出国官方网站

    　　还有一年半的时间我们就要迎接来新的SAT考试了，那么我们先来看一下新的SAT会有些什么改变：

    　　●最早的一次新SAT考试会出现在2016年的春天

    　　●新的SAT考试会以2种形式出现：纸质版考试和电脑版考试(电脑版考试的考点会根据的地区来确定)

    　　●考试内容：

    　　Ø询证式阅读和语法

    　　Ø数学

    　　Ø作文

    　　●考试长度：

    　　Ø3个小时+50分钟的作文

    　　Ø具体时长会根据进一步的实验再做决定

    　　●考试分数：1600

    　　Ø询证式阅读+语法：800分

    　　Ø数学：800分

    　　Ø作文：单独出分数(可选，但是大部分学校会要求作文分数)

    　　SAT写作改革重点：

    　　重新改革的SAT将会更加贴近美国高中教育同时配合美国大学人才的需求。新的SAT作文考试会更加侧重学生能不能够完全适应美国大学里面的学术写作要求，日常的作业，和论文的完成等。所以，新的SAT作文考试要求学生首先具备一些基本的英语写作素养，比如说，遣词造句的能力，表达的能力，构建文章的能力。除此之外，新的考试会更关注于学生整体的读与写的能力，包括逻辑思维能力，辩证性思维能力，独立思考能力，论证能力，辩述能力，分析文章能力等。

    　　因此，新的SAT写作不论从内容上还是形式上都将会有的巨大的改变，与现有的SAT考试截然不同。

    　　SAT写作改革内容：

    　　首先，让我们先看一下改革的蓝图：

    　　●来自不同来源的文章

    　　●在阅读文章的时候，考虑作者是如何使用：

    　　Ø论据，比如例子和事实

    　　Ø论述：如何建立论述，同时是如何连接论述和证据

    　　Ø文体风格或是其他表达方式来展开思路，添加细节，使得整篇文章更有说服力。

    　　●完成一篇作文，来解释作者是如何构建论证来说服读者的。

    　　那么在新的考试中，学生要做如下几件事情。首先，学生会阅读一篇文章，然后去解释读者是如何构建论证的。学生需要用阅读文章中的具体的例子和论据来论证支持自己的写作观点。整体的写作要求会无限地接近贴合大学里相关的需要写作的作业和论文等。

    　　新的作文部分将被设计成帮助高中生培养仔细阅读，详细分析，清晰写作的能力。这次的改革也会促进学生阅读更广泛的文章，同时使得学生能够从作者的角度分析相关的具体文章修辞，写作意图，论证的使用等。

    　　相关的阅读文章会提前公布和分享出来，整体的风格和形式是保持一致的，只是具体的文章会不一样。

    　　虽然作文的分数在整体的SAT考试中是可选的，但是和一些地区和一些学校将会要求作文的分数。

    　　下面我们看一下最新公布的样题：>>新东方前途出国官方网站

    　　The following sample Essay prompt is followed by an annotated version of the source text that suggests some of the ways that students might analyze the text in response to the prompt. The annotations are only examples of elements of the passage students may choose to write about.

    　　As you read the passage below, consider how Paul Bogard uses

    　　●Evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims.

    　　●Reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence.

    　　●Stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, ?to add power to the ideas expressed.

    　　Adapted from Paul Bogard, “Let There be Dark.” ©2012 by the Los Angeles Times. Originally published December 21, 2012.

    　　At my family’s cabin on a Minnesota lake, I knew woods so dark that my hands disappeared before my eyes. I knew night skies in which meteors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars. But now, when 8 of 10 children born in the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way, I worry we are rapidly losing night’s natural darkness before realizing its worth. This winter solstice, as we cheer the days’ gradual movement back toward light, let us also remember the irreplaceable value of darkness.

    　　All life evolved to the steady rhythm of bright days and dark nights. Today, though, when we feel the closeness of nightfall, we reach quickly for a light switch. And too little darkness, meaning too much artificial light at night, spells trouble for all.

    　　Already the World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human carcinogen, and the American Medical Association has voiced its unanimous support for “light pollution reduction efforts and glare reduction efforts at both the national and state levels.” Our bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain cancers from developing, and our bodies need darkness for sleep.

    　　Sleep disorders have been linked to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and depression, and recent research suggests one main cause of “short sleep” is “long light.” Whether we work at night or simply take our tablets, notebooks and smartphones to bed, there isn’t a place for this much artificial light in our lives.

    　　The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and crepuscular species of birds, insects, mammals, fish and reptiles. Some examples are well known—the 400 species of birds that migrate at night?in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs—and some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world’s flora. Ecological light pollution is like the bulldozer of the night, wrecking habitat and disrupting ecosystems several billion years in the making. Simply put, without darkness, Earth’s ecology would collapse . . .

    　　In today’s crowded, louder, more fast-paced world, night’s darkness?can provide solitude, quiet and stillness, qualities increasingly in short supply. Every religious tradition has considered darkness invaluable for a soulful life, and the chance to witness the universe has inspired artists, philosophers and everyday stargazers since time began. In a world awash with electric light. . . how would Van Gogh have given the world his “Starry Night”? Who knows what this vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in our children or grandchildren?

    　　Yet all over the world, our nights are growing brighter. In the United States and Western Europe, the amount of light in the sky increases an average of about 6% every year. Computer images of the United States at night, based on NASA photographs, show that what was a very dark country as recently as the 1950s is now nearly covered with a blanket of light. Much of this light is wasted energy, which means wasted dollars. Those of us over 35 are perhaps among the last generation to have known truly dark nights. Even the northern lake where I was lucky to spend my summers has seen its darkness diminish.

    　　It doesn’t have to be this way. Light pollution is readily within our ability to solve, using new lighting technologies and shielding existing lights. Already, many cities and towns across North America and Europe are changing to LED streetlights, which offer dramatic possibilities for controlling wasted light. Other communities are finding success with simply turning off portions of their public lighting after midnight. Even Paris, the famed “city of light,” which already turns off its monument lighting after 1 a.m., will this summer start to require its shops, offices and public buildings to turn off lights after 2 a.m. Though primarily designed to save energy, such reductions in light will also go far in addressing light pollution. But we will never truly address the problem of light pollution until we become aware of the irreplaceable value and beauty of the darkness we are losing.

    　　Assignment: Write an essay in which you explain how Paul Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience that natural darkness should be preserved. In your essay, analyze how Bogard uses one or more of the features listed in the box above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage.

    　　Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Bogard’s?claims, but rather explain how Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience.

    　　好，看完题目，我们来看一下具体该如何着手去写这篇文章，应该从哪几个点来展现作者的意图。>>新东方前途出国官方网站

    　　1. 用词：

    　　a) The descriptive words used in this sentence add visual intensity, evoking the wonder of the night sky. 作者是如何使用词汇来突出文章的画面感。

    　　b) The writer chooses his words carefully in this paragraph in order to shape readers’ perceptions and bolster his claims. For example, he argues that we are using too much light when less is needed by referring to light being “wasted.” He also suggests how easily the problem of light pollution might be addressed, using “simply” to describe what “other communities” are doing. 作者是如何选择词汇来加强自己的论证，同时说服读者相信自己的观点。

    　　2. 论据：The writer uses this statistic as evidence to inform his subsequent claim that we “are rapidly losing night’s natural darkness. 作者是如何使用数据作为论据引出下面他的观点的。

    　　3. 如何展开文章：The writer continues to draw ?on evidence from the authorities cited above. He uses this evidence to inform his subsequent point ?that “whether we work at night or simply take our . . . smartphones to bed, there isn’t a place for this much artificial light in our lives.” 作者是如何展开论证，使得整篇文章连为一体，整体联会贯通。

    　　4. 如何使用论据支持文章：The presentation of facts and evidence supports the claim that follows at the end of the paragraph that “without darkness, Earth’s ecology would collapse.” 作者如何使用合适和相关的论据来支持自己的观点。

    　　5. 修辞手法：

    　　a) The writer compares light pollution to the effects of a “bulldozer,” a machine that can be used to ravage land. This imagery dramatizes the destructive potential of light pollution. 类比修辞

    　　b) The use of rhetorical questions encourages the reader to consider a world without Van Gogh’s beloved painting and what Van Gogh’s vision inspires in us all. The suggestion of a world without such artistry and the notion that darkness is “invaluable to a soulful life” are also designed to evoke an emotional reaction in the reader. 作者是如何使用假设来强调自己的论点。

    　　本文作者：北京新东方 赵静

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